![]() For example, the Eudora email client for Windows was known to send emails labelled as ISO-8859-1 that were in reality Windows-1252. This often happens between encodings that are similar. Mojibake also occurs when the encoding is incorrectly specified. A web browser may not be able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and another in Shift-JIS if the encoding is not assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent along with the documents, or using the HTML document's meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to send the proper HTTP headers see character encodings in HTML. While a few encodings are easy to detect, such as UTF-8, there are many that are hard to distinguish (see charset detection). This also requires support in software that wants to take advantage of it, but does not disturb other software. File systems that support extended file attributes can store this as user.charset. Another is storing the encoding as metadata in the file system. For Unicode, one solution is to use a byte order mark, but for source code and other machine readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Therefore, the assumed encoding is systematically wrong for files that come from a computer with a different setting, or even from a differently localized software within the same system. The encoding of text files is affected by locale setting, which depends on the user's language, brand of operating system, and many other conditions. Depending on the type of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. If the encoding is not specified, it is up to the software to decide it by other means. This is further exacerbated if other locales are involved: the same text stored as UTF-8 appears as "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted as Shift-JIS, as "æ–‡å-化ã‘" if interpreted as Western, or (for example) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted as being in a GBK (Mainland China) locale. As an example, the word mojibake itself ("文字化け") stored as EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed as "ハクサ�ス、ア", "ハクサ嵂ス、ア" ( MS-932), or "ハクサ郾ス、ア" if interpreted as Shift-JIS, or as "ʸ»ú²½¤±" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-1 encodings, usually labelled Western or Western European. įor some writing systems, such as Japanese, several encodings have historically been employed, causing users to see mojibake relatively often. Whereas Linux distributions mostly switched to UTF-8 in 2004, Microsoft Windows generally uses UTF-16, and sometimes uses 8-bit code pages for text files in different languages. The differing default settings between computers are in part due to differing deployments of Unicode among operating system families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for different writing systems of human languages. A major source of trouble are communication protocols that rely on settings on each computer rather than sending or storing metadata together with the data. Mojibake is often seen with text data that have been tagged with a wrong encoding it may not even be tagged at all, but moved between computers with different default encodings. As mojibake is the instance of non-compliance between these, it can be achieved by manipulating the data itself, or just relabelling it. the source and target encoding standards must be the same). To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence between the encoded data and the notion of its encoding must be preserved (i.e. ![]() Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the result of correct error handling by the software. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code point displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. ![]() This is either because of differing constant length encoding (as in Asian 16-bit encodings vs European 8-bit encodings), or the use of variable length encodings (notably UTF-8 and UTF-16).įailed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a different issue that is not to be confused with mojibake. ![]() A replacement can also involve multiple consecutive symbols, as viewed in one encoding, when the same binary code constitutes one symbol in the other encoding. This display may include the generic replacement character ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. The result is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, often from a different writing system. Mojibake ( Japanese: 文字化け IPA:, "character transformation") is the garbled text that is the result of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. This article contains special characters.
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